Jean Sibelius (1865-1957)
Songs, Volume 2
The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius was born in 1865, the son of a doctor, in a small town in the south of Finland, the language and culture of his family being Swedish. It was at school that he was to learn Finnish and acquire his first interest in the early legends of his country. His musical abilities were soon realised, although not developed early enough to suggest music as a profession until he had entered university in Helsinki as a law student. His first ambition had been to be a violinist. It later became apparent that any ability he had in this direction was outweighed by his gifts as a composer, developed first by study with Martin Wegelius, then in Berlin and, more effectively, in Vienna.
In Finland once more, Sibelius won almost immediate success in 1892 with a symphonic poem, Kullervo, based on an episode from the Finnish epic Kalevala. There followed compositions of particular national appeal that further enhanced his reputation in Helsinki. During this period he supported himself by teaching, as well as by composition and the performance of his works, but it proved difficult for him to earn enough, given, as he was, to bouts of extravagance, continuing from his days as a student. In 1896 he was voted the position of professor at the University of Helsinki, but the committee's decision was overturned in favour of Robert Kajanus, the experienced founder and conductor of the first professional orchestra in Helsinki. As consolation for his disappointment Sibelius was awarded a government stipend for ten years, and this was later changed into a pension for life. The sum involved was never sufficient to meet his gift for improvidence, inherited, perhaps, from his father, who at his death in 1868 had left his family in some difficulty.
Sibelius continued his active career as a composer until 1926, his fame increasing at home and abroad, particularly with his series of symphonies, the first in 1898 and the seventh in 1924. An eighth symphony was probably completed around 1932, but was destroyed. The rest was silence. For the last 28 years of his life Sibelius wrote next to nothing, remaining isolated from and largely antipathetic to contemporary trends in music. His reputation in Britain and America remained high, although there were inevitable reactions to the excessive enthusiasm of his supporters. On the continent of Europe he failed to recapture the earlier position he had enjoyed before the 1914 war in Germany, France and Vienna. He died in 1957 at the age of 91.
Sibelius wrote around a hundred songs. Most of these are settings of Swedish words, texts in what was, after all, the composer's first language, with eight settings of German verses and a handful only of Finnish, although a larger proportion of his choral works use texts in this language. It is natural that the German songs have enjoyed wider international currency, leaving other songs generally to those more familiar with the language of the texts.
The earliest of the songs here included is ' Kullervon valitus' (Kullervo's Lament) [Track 11] taken from the third movement of Sibelius's 1892 symphonic poem Kullervo, the hero's lament at the wrong he has done to his sister, the girl he had abducted. The song was revised into its present form in 1917-1918. From the same year, 1892, comes the arrangement of the folksong ' Tule, tule, kultani' (Come, come, my darling) [13]. 1894 brought ' Rakastava' (The Lover) [14], a setting of words taken from the collection Kanteletar, folk poems collected by Elias Lönnrot. Sibelius set four of these for male chorus and tenor soloist, and it is the first of these, ' Miss'on kussa minum hyväni?' (Where is my beloved?), that was later arranged in its present form. Sibelius wrote ' Soi kunniaksi Luojan' (May the hymn of honour now resound) [22], originally a choral setting of 1894, arranged in 1899, with a text by the writer August Valdemar Forsman, who would later take the Finnish form of his name, Koskimies, rather than the original Swedish form.
Two songs from 1897 are included here. ' Aamusumussa' (In the Morning Mist) [3] was originally written for a children's choir, and later underwent various adaptations. The text is by Juhana Henrik Erkko. ' Tuule tuuli leppeämmin' (Blow, wind, more gently) [18], arranged by Olavi Pesonen in 1943, has a text by Forsman/Koskimies and is taken from a Cantata for university graduation ceremonies. Songs from 1898 include ' Sortunut ääni' (The Broken Voice) [5], with a text from the Kanteletar, originally written for male choir and then variously adapted. ' Laulu ristilukista' (Fool's Song of the Spider) [10] is taken from incidental music for the patriotic play King Christian II by Adolf Paul, later expanded into a concert suite, and ' Sydämeni laulu' (Song of My Heart) [19] was originally one of a group of songs for male voices.
Political events in 1899 aroused Finnish feelings of patriotism. In February Tsar Nicholas II abrogated the constitution that had allowed Finland a measure of autonomy. This was the year of Sibelius's Finlandia, originally part of music for a historic pageant mounted for the Press Pensions Fund, and from this, among the most famous of Sibelius's works, was drawn the ' Finlandia Hymn' [ 1], with a text by Koskenniemi, which has achieved the status approaching that of a national anthem. It was arranged in 1948 for choir a cappella. ' Ateenalaisten laulu' (Song of the Athenians) [4], its original Swedish words by Viktor Rydberg but heard here in its Finnish version by Yrjö Weijola, draws inspiration from the same political circumstances. ' Isänmaalle' (To My Country) [6], written in 1899 for male voices, with a text by Paavo Cajander, is again a direct product of the mood of the time.
In 1905 Sibelius provided incidental music for performances of Maurice Maeterlinck's Pelléas et Mélisande, mounted in a Swedish translation, this at a time when he was dealing with the necessary revision of his Violin Concerto and the composition of his Third Symphony. From the incidental music comes the simply evocative strophic song ' Kolme sokeaa sisarta' (The Three Blind Sisters) [12].
'Uusmaalaisten laulu' (Song of the Uusimaa People) [9] was written in 1912, originally for male voices, and ' Kallion kirkon kellosävel' (Bell Melody of Kallion Church) [20], from the same year, with its simple unison accompaniment, echoes the sound of the church bells, with a text by Heikki Klemetti. The stirring ' Jääkärien marssi' (March of the Jaeger Battalion) [2], composed in 1917, originally for male voices and piano, with a text by Heikki Nurmio, was later given an orchestral accompaniment. The following year brought ' Partiolaisten marssi' (Scout March) [16], originally for mixed voices and piano, with a text by Jalmari Finne, and revised in 1950-1952 with texts in other languages. In 1919 came ' Mummon syntymäpäivänä' (Grandmother's Birthday Song) [15], written for his mother-in-law Elisabeth Järnefelt's eightieth birthday.
'Koulutie' (The Road to School) [17] has a text by Koskenniemi and was originally for children (1924). It was followed in 1925 by ' Herran siunaus' (God's Blessing) [21], for possible church use. After years in which he wrote little or nothing, Sibelius composed his setting of Wäinö Sola's ' Siltavahti' (The Guard of the Bridge) [8] in 1928, with two versions, one for a solo voice and one for male voices. The last song included here, in order of composition, is ' Karjalan osa' ( Karelia 's Fate) [7], written in 1930 and with words by Aleksi Nurminen. This came at a time of political tension, now that Eastern Karelia had been ceded to the Soviet Union, and Communists in Finland posed a threat to the stability of a country already also divided by language disputes between the Finnish-speaking majority and speakers of Swedish, a language that allowed wider contact with other Scandinavian counties. The increasingly right-wing anti-communist Lapua movement, with which Sibelius was at first in sympathy, was the immediate motivation for the song.
Keith Anderson
