Gearge Frideric Handel (1685 - 1759)
Music for the Royal Fireworks
Water Music
George Frideric Handel was born in Halle in 1685, the son of an elderly
and distinguished barber-surgeon by his second wife, the daughter of a Lutheran
pastor. He showed an early interest in music, an activity not altogether
encouraged by his father, whose patron, the Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels,
intervened in the boy's favour. His father died in 1697 but Handel's general
and musical education continued, allowing him, four years later, to matriculate
at the University of Halle, and to accept, a month afterwards, the position of
organist at the Calvinist cathedral. The following year he abandoned his
studies and his native town in order to embark on a career as a musician.
Handel's first employment was in the city of Hamburg. There he worked
at the opera, at first as a rank-and-file second violinist and then as
harpsichordist and composer, establishing his first connection with England by
giving private lessons to the son of the English Resident. In Hamburg he was
associated with Johann Mattheson, a musician his senior by four years, who was
to claim a share in Handel's education as a composer. From Hamburg Handel
travelled in 1706 to Italy, at the invitation of Prince Ferdinando de' Medici,
heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. He was to remain there until 1710, spending
time in Florence, in Venice and in Rome, absorbing more fully the Italian style
that he had already attempted in opera in Hamburg, and impressing audiences
with his ability as an organist and harpsichord-player.
It was through acquaintance with Baron Kielmansegge, Master of Horse to
the Elector of Hanover, whom he met in Venice, and perhaps through an earlier
meeting with the Elector's brother, Prince Ernst August, that Handel found
himself offered the position of Kapellmeister in Hanover, an appointment
followed, according to prior agreement, by immediate leave of absence for
twelve months.
In moving north Handel seems to have had London in mind as a possibly
rich field for musical speculation. England was under the rule of Queen Anne,
the second of the daughters of the exiled Catholic King James II. The Last of
the Stuarts was to be succeeded, after her death in 1714, by the elector of
Hanover, who ascended the English throne as King George I. On his first visit
to London Handel remained for eight months, seeing to the mounting of his new
Italian opera Rinaldo, with a
libretto based on an outline sketch by Aaron Hili. The following year he
returned to Hanover, but after fifteen months he was back once more in London,
with leave from the Elector to stay for a reasonable length of time. Handel was
to settle in England for the rest of his life, whether with or without the
tacit approval of his patron is not clear. He was, however, to enjoy royal
partronage after the accession of George I.
In London Handel was concerned to a considerable extent with the
Italian opera, a risky venture that was to undergo various changes of fortune
during the following decades. Later in his career he was to turn to English
oratorio, a form that, in his hands, had all the musical advantages of Italian
opera, without the disadvantage of foreign language, lavish production costs or
liability to native criticism on the grounds of improbability or
incomprehensibility. Handel wrote music for other occasions, for the church and
for the pleasure gardens, and enjoyed immense popularity and esteem, his
pre-eminence serving to eclipse lesser talents. He died in 1759.
The Water Music and the Music for the Royal Fireworks mark two
chronological extremes of Handel's career in London. The first was written in
his earlier years in England, presumably by 1717, to entertain a royal party
sailing up the Thames, while the second was commissioned to celebrate the Peace
of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1749. Both occasions called for outdoor music, a form in
which Handel was to demonstrate a particular skill during the years that he
provided music for the gardens at Vauxhall. Popular legend has it that Handel
had offended the Elector of Hanover by his prolonged absence without leave in
London and that a reconciliation was brought about through the Water Music,
composed to accompany the new King's journey by barge from Whitehall to
Chelsea, to entertain the court during supper and to escort the royal party
back again down the Thames. The story, given early currency, is now generally
discounted, since no overt reconciliation with King George seems to have been
necessary. It is clear, however, from a number of contemporary accounts, that
Baron Kielmansegge, whose wife was reputedly the King's mistress, paid for a
band of 50 musicians to play music newly commissioned from Handel to entertain
the King during an evening party on the Thames on 17th July, 1717.
Precisely how much of the music performed was by Handel and how much of it now
preserved in the three suites known as the Water
Music is not clear. It is reasonable to suppose that the collection
represents much of the music played in 1717, although the order of its
performance is unknown. The present recording does not divide the Water Music
into the three suites that tater editors have arranged largely from a study of
the principal sources and from the instruments apparently involved. The first
eleven numbers, however, correspond with what has been described as a Horn
Suite, because of its particular use of French horns, played by musicians from
Bohemia, where horn technique far surpassed anything then known in England. The
movements that correspond with the second and third suites, the former
distinguished by its use of trumpets and the latter by its suggestion of indoor
music for the music for the Chelsea supper with the gentler sound of recorders,
are not separated, so that the complete work ends with a trumpet minuet, after
the pair of country dances with recorders that here immediately precede it.
The Thames water-party of 1717 was successful enough. The Royal Fireworks of 1749, however, may have
achieved musical distinction but were a pyrotechnic disaster. The fireworks
display was planned for an April evening in 1749, in Hyde Park, to celebrate
the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle that had ended the War of the Austrian Succession
in the previous year, confirming the Empress Maria Theresia on the throne of
Austria. Handel was able to offer a public rehearsal of his Royal Fireworks music at Vauxhall Gardens,
a commercial venture in which he had been involved since 1732. A hundred
musicians were involved, playing to an audience of more that 12,000. A week
later the music was performed in Hyde Park, a prelude to the event and a
possible accompaniment to the King's prior inspection of the elaborate
"machine" that was the centre-piece of the display. The fireworks
themselves were disappointing and during the evening the pavilion to the right
of the main structure caught fire.
The Royal Fireworks Music
had already succeeded admirably at Vauxhall. Handel was to add string parts to
the original score, that had, by royal command, been limited to a massive band
of wind instruments, and to present the work as part of a charity programme
given towards the end of May in aid of Thomas Coram's Foundling Hospital, which
was to benefit even more considerably from the oratoric Messiah.
The five sections of the Royal
Fireworks Music open with an Overture in the usual French style,
followed by a Bourrée and two pieces suggesting Peace and Rejoicing
respectively. The work ends with a pair of minuets.
Capella Istropolitana
(Slovak Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra)
The Capella Istropolitana is a chamber orchestra formed by leading
members of the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra in Bratislava. Founded in 1983,
the chamber orchestra allows the players, many of them experienced soloists, to
playas chamber musicians. Much of the work of the orchestra has been
concentrated on the recording studio.
Bohdan Warchal
Bohdan Warchal was trained as a violinist at the Academy of Music and
Drama in Brno. In 1957 he was appointed leader of the Slovak Philharmonic
Orchestra in Bratislava and in 1960 founded the Slovak Chamber Orchestra, of
which he is artistic director and soloist. In 1969 he was awarded the title
Artist of Merit and in 1983 that of National Artist by the government of
Czechoslovakia.
